 Il presidente George Bush e Boris Yeltsin dopo la firma del trattato START II a Mosca nel gennaio del 1992. |
Treaty Between The United States of America
and the Russian Federation On Further Reductions and Limitations of Strategic
Arms The United States of America and the Russian Federation, hereinafter
referred to as the Parties, Reaffirming their obligations under the Treaty
Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms of July 31, 1991,
herein after referred to as the START Treaty, Stressing their firm commitment to
the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of July 1, 1968, and
their desire to contribute to its strengthening, Taking into account the
commitment by the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and Ukraine
to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of July 1,
1968, as non-nuclear-weapon States Parties, Mindful of their undertakings with
respect to strategic offensive arms under Article VI of the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of July 1, 1968, and under the Treaty
Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems of May 26, 1972, as well as
the provisions of the Joint Understanding signed by the Presidents of the United
States of America and the Russian Federation on June 17, 1992, and of the Joint
Statement on a Global Protection System signed by the Presidents of the United
States of America and the Russian Federation on June 17, 1992, Desiring to
enhance strategic stability and predictability, and, in doing so, to reduce
further strategic offensive arms, in addition to the reductions and limitations
provided for in the START Treaty, Considering that further progress toward that
end will help lay a solid foundation for a world order built on democratic
values that would preclude the risk of outbreak of war, Recognizing their
special responsibility as permanent members of the United Nations Security
Council for maintaining international peace and security, Taking note of United
Nations General Assembly Resolution 47/52K of December 9, 1992, Conscious of the
new realities that have transformed the political and strategic relations
between the Parties, and the relations of partnership that have been established
between them, Have agreed as follows:
Article I
Each Party shall reduce and limit its intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
and ICBM launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMS) and SLBM
launchers, heavy bombers, ICBM warheads, SLBM warheads, and heavy bomber
arrangements, so that seven years after entry into force of the START Treaty and
thereafter, the aggregate number for each Party, as counted in accordance with
Articles HI and IV of this Treaty, does not exceed, for warheads attributed to
deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMS, and deployed heavy bombers, a number between
3800 and 4250 or such lower number as each Party shall decide for itself, but in
no case shall such number exceed 4250. Within the limitations provided for in
paragraph I of this Article, the aggregate numbers for each Party shall not
exceed: (a) 2160, for warheads attributed to deployed SLBMS; (b) 1200, for
warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs of types to which more than one warhead is
attributed; and 650, for warheads attributed to deployed heavy ICBMs. Upon
fulfillment of the obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article, each
Party shall further reduce and limit its ICBMs and ICBM launchers, SLBMs and
SLBM launchers, heavy bombers, ICBM warheads, SLBM warheads, and heavy bomber
arrangements, so that no later than January 1, 2003, and thereafter, the
aggregate number for each Party, as counted in accordance with Articles III and
IV of this Treaty, does not exceed, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs,
deployed SLBMS, and deployed heavy bombers, a number between 3000 and 3500 or
such lower number as each Party shall decide for itself, but in no case shall
such number exceed 3500. Within the limitations provided for in paragraph 3 of
this Article, the aggregate numbers for each Party shall not exceed: (a) a
number between 1700 and 1750, for warheads attributed to deployed SLBMs or such
lower number as each Party shall decide for itself, but in no case shall such
number exceed 1750; (b) zero, for warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs of types
to which more than one warhead is attributed; and zero, for warheads attributed
to deployed heavy ICBMs. The process of reductions provided for in paragraphs I
and 2 of this Article shall begin upon entry into force of this Treaty, shall be
sustained throughout the reductions period provided for in paragraph I of this
Article, and shall be completed no later than seven years after entry into force
of the START Treaty. Upon completion of these reductions, the Parties shall
begin further reductions provided for in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article,
which shall also be sustained throughout the reductions period defined in
accordance with paragraphs 3 and 6 of this Article. Provided that the Parties
conclude, within one year after entry into force of this Treaty, an agreement on
a program of assistance to promote the fulfillment of the provisions of this
Article, the obligations provided for in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article and
in Article H of this Treaty shall be fulfilled by each Party no later than
December 31, 2000.
Article II
No later than January 1, 2003, each Party undertakes to have eliminated or to
have converted to launchers of ICBMs to which one warhead is attributed all its
deployed and non-deployed launchers of ICBMs to which more than one warhead is
attributed under Article III of this Treaty (including test launchers and
training launchers), with the exception of those launchers of ICBMs other than
heavy ICBMs at space launch facilities allowed under the START Treaty, and not
to have thereafter launchers of ICBMs to which more than one warhead is
attributed. ICBM launchers that have been converted to launch an ICBM of a
different type shall not be capable of launching an ICBM of the former type.
Each Party shall carry out such elimination or conversion using the procedures
provided for in the START Treaty, except as otherwise provided for in paragraph
3 of this Article. The obligations provided for in paragraph I of this Article
shall not apply to silo launchers of ICBMs on which the number of warheads has
been reduced to one pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article III of this Treaty.
elimination of silo launchers of heavy ICBMs, including test launchers and
training launchers, shall be implemented by means of either: (a) elimination in
accordance with the procedures provided for in Section H of the Protocol on
Procedures Governing the Conversion or Elimination of the Items Subject to the
START Treaty; or (b) conversion to silo launchers of ICBMs other than heavy
ICBMs in accordance with the procedures provided for in the Protocol on
Procedures Governing Elimination of Heavy ICBMs and on Procedures Governing
Conversion of Silo Launchers of Heavy ICBMs Relating to the Treaty Between the
United States of America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and
Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, hereinafter referred to as the
Elimination and Conversion Protocol. No more than 90 silo launchers of heavy
ICBMs may be so converted. Each Party undertakes not to emplace an ICBM, the
launch canister of winch has a diameter greater don 2-5 meters, in any silo
launcher of heavy ICBMs converted in accordance with subparagraph 3(b) of this
Article. Elimination of launchers of heavy ICBMs at space launch facilities
shall only be carried out in accordance with subparagraph 3(a) of this Dole. No
later than January 1, 2003, each party undertakes to have eliminated all of its
deployed and non-deployed heavy ICBMs and their launch canisters in cc with the
procedures provided for in the Elimination and Conversion Protocol or by using
for delivering objects into the upper atmosphere or space, and not to have such
missiles or launch canister thereafter. Each Party shall have the right to
conduct inspections in conformation with the elimination of heavy ICBMs and
their launch canisters, as well as inspections in connection with the conversion
of silo launchers of heavy ICBMs. Except as otherwise provided for in the
Elimination and Conversion Protocol, such inspections shall be conducted subject
to the applicable provisions of the START Treaty. Each Party undertakes not to
transfer heavy ICBMs to any recipient whatsoever, including any other Party to
the START Treaty. Beginning on January 1, 2003, and thereafter, each Party
undertakes not to produce, flight-test (except for flight tests from space
launch facilities conducted in accordance with the provisions of the START
Treaty), or deploy ICBM to which more than one warhead is attributed under
Article III of this Treaty.
Article III
For the purpose of attributing warheads to deployed ICBM and deployed SLBMs
under this Treaty, the Parties shall use the, provisions provided for in Article
III of the START Treaty, except as otherwise provided for in paragraph 2 of this
Article. Each Party shall have the right to reduce the number of warheads
attributed to deployed ICBM or deployed SLBMs only of existing types, except for
heavy ICBM. Reductions in the number of warheads attributed to deployed ICBMs
and deployed SLBMs of existing types that are not heavy ICBMs shall be carried
out in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 5 of Article III of the START
Treaty, except that: (a) the aggregate number by which warheads are reduced may
exceed the 1250 limit provided for in paragraph 5 of Article III of the START
Treaty; (b) the number by which warheads are reduced on ICBMs and SLBMS, other
than the Minuteman III ICBM for the United States of America and the SS-N-18
SLAM for the Russian Federation, may at any one time exceed the limit of 500
warhead for each Party provided for in subparagraph 5(c)(I) of Article III of
the START Treaty; (c) each Party shall have the right to reduce by more than
four warheads, but not by more than five warheads, the number of warheads
attributed to each ICBM out of no more than 105 ICBMs of one existing type of
ICBM. An ICBM to which the number of warheads attributed has been reduced in
accordance with this paragraph shall only be deployed in an ICBM launcher in
which an ICBM of that type was deployed as of the date of signature of the START
Treaty; and (d) the reentry vehicle platform for an ICBM or SLBM to which a
number of warheads attributed is not required to be destroyed and replaced with
a new reentry vehicle platform. Notwithstanding the number of warheads
attributed to a type of ICBM or SLBM in accordance with the START Treaty. Each
Party undertakes not to: (a) produce, flight-test, or deploy an ICBM or SLBM
with a number of reentry vehicles greater than the number of warheads attributed
to under this Treaty, and (b) Increase the number of warheads attributed to an
ICBM or SLBM that has had the number of warheads attributed to it reduced in
accordance with the provisions of this Article.
Article IV
For the purposes of this Treaty, the number of warheads attributed to each
deployed heavy bomber shall be equal to the number of nuclear weapons for which
any heavy bomber of the same type or variant of a type is actually equipped,
with the exception of heavy bomber reoriented to a conventional role as provided
for in paragraph 7 of this Article. Each nuclear weapon for which a heavy bomber
is actually equipped shall count as one warhead toward the limitations added for
in Article I of this Treaty. For the purpose of such counting, nuclear weapons
including long-range nuclear air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs), nuclear
air-to-surface missiles with a range of less than 600 kilometers, and nuclear
bombs. For the purposes of this Treaty, the number of nuclear weapons for which
a heavy bomber is actually equipped shall be number specified for heavy bombers
of and variant of a type of Memorandum of Understanding on Warhead Attribution
and Heavy Bomber Data Relating to the Treaty Between the United States of
America and the Russian Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of
Strategic Offensive Arms, hereinafter referred to as the Memorandum on
Attribution. Each Party undertakes not to equip any heavy bomber with a number
of nuclear weapons than the number specified for heavy bombers of that type or
variant of a type in the Memorandum on Attribution. No later than 180 days after
entry into force of this Treaty, each Party shall exhibit one heavy bomber of
that type and variant of a type specified in the Memorandum on Attribution. The
purpose of the exhibition shall be to demonstrate to the other Party the number
of nuclear weapons for which a heavy bomber of a given type or variant of a type
is actually equipped. If either Party intends to change the number of nuclear
weapons specified in the Memorandum on Attribution, for which a heavy bomber of
a type or variant of a type is actually equipped, it shall provide a 90-day
advance notification of such intention to the other Party. Ninety days after
providing such a notification, or at a later date agreed by the Parties, the
Party changing the number of nuclear weapons for which a heavy bomber is
actually equipped shall exhibit one heavy bomber of each such type or variant of
a type. The purpose of the exhibition shall be to demonstrate to the other Party
the revised number of nuclear weapons for which heavy bombers of the specified
type or variant of a type are actually equipped. The number of nuclear weapons
attributed to each specified type or variant of a type of heavy bomber shall
change on the ninetieth day after the notification of such intent. On that day,
the Party changing the number of nuclear weapons for which a heavy bomber is
actually equipped shall provide to the other Party a notification of the change
of each in data according to categories of data contained in the Memorandum on
Attribution. The exhibitions and inspections conducted pursuant to paragraphs 4
and 5 of this Article shall be carried out in accordance with the procedures
provided for in the Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections of Heavy Bombers
Relating to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian
Federation on Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,
herein referred to as the Protocol on Exhibitions and Infections. Each Party
shall have the right to reorient to a conventional role heavy bombers equipped
for nuclear armaments other than long-range nuclear ALCMs. For the purposes of
this Treaty, heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role are those heavy
bombers specified by a Party from its heavy bombers equipped for nuclear
armaments other than long-range nuclear ALCMs the have never been accountable
under the START Treat as heavy bombers equipped for long-range nuclear ALCMs.
The reorienting Party shall provide to the other Party a notification of its
intent to reorient a heavy bomber to a conventional role no less than 90 days in
advance of such reorientation. No conversion procedures shall be required for
such a heavy bomber to be specified as a heavy bomber reoriented to a
conventional role. Heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role shall be
subject to the following requirements- (a) the number of such heavy bombers
shall not exceed 100 at any one time; (b) such heavy bombers shall be based
separately from heavy bombers with nuclear roles; such heavy bombers shall be
used only for non-nuclear missions. Such heavy bombers shall not be used in
exercises for nuclear mission, and their aircrews shall not train or exercise
for such missions; and (d) heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role shall
have differences from other heavy bombers of that type or variant of a type that
are observable by national technical means of verification and visible during
inspections, Each Party shall have the right to return to a nuclear role heavy
bombers that have been reoriented in accordance with paragraph 7 of this Article
to a conventional role. The Party carrying out such action shall provide to the
other Party through diplomatic channels of notification of its intent to return
a heavy bomber to a nuclear role to less than 90 days in advance of taking such
action. Such a heavy bomber returned to a nuclear role shall not subsequently be
reoriented to a conventional role. Heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional
that are subsequently to a nuclear role shall have differences observable by
national technical means of verification and visible during inspection from
other heavy bombers of that type and variant of a type that have not been
reoriented to a conventional role, as well as from heavy bombers of that type
and variant of a type that are still reoriented to a conventional role. Each
Party shall locate storage areas for heavy bomber nuclear armaments no less than
100 kilometers from any air base where heavy bombers reoriented to a
conventional role are based Except as otherwise provided for in this Treaty,
heavy bombers reoriented to a conventional role shall remain subject to the
provisions of the START Treaty, including the inspection provisions. If not all
heavy bombers of a given type or variant of a type are reoriented to a
conventional role, one heavy bomber of each type or variant of a type of heavy
bomber reoriented to a conventional role shall be exhibited in the open for the
purpose of demonstrating to the other Party the differences referred to in
subparagraph 8(d) of this Article. Such differences shall be subject to
inspection by the other Party. If not all heavy bombers of a given type or
variant of a type reoriented to a conventional role are returned to a nuclear
role, one heavy bomber of each type and variant of a type of heavy bomber
returned to a nuclear role shall be exhibited in the open for the purpose of
demonstrating to the other Party the differences referred to in paragraph 9 of
this Article. Such differences shall be subject to inspection by the other
Party. The exhibitions and inspections provided for in paragraphs 12 and 13 of
this Article shall be carried out on accordance with the procedures provided for
in the Protocol on Exhibitions and Inspections.
Article V
Except as provided for in this Treaty, the provisions of the START Treaty,
including the verification provisions, shall be used for implementation of this
Treaty. To promote the objectives and implementation of the provisions of this
Treaty, the Parties hereby establish the Bilateral lmplementation Commission.
The Parties agree that, if either Party so requests, they shall meet within the
framework of the Bilateral Implementation Commission to: (a) resolve questions
relating to compliance with the obligations assumed and (b) agree upon such
additional measures as may be necessary to improve the viability and
effectiveness of this Treaty.
Article VI
This Treaty, including its Memorandum on Attribution, Elimination and Conversion
Protocol, and Protocol on exhibitions and Inspections, all of which are integral
parts thereof, shall be subject to ratification in accordance with the
constitutional procedures of each Party. This Treaty shall enter into force on
the date of the exchange of instruments of its ratification, but not prior to
the entry into force of the START Treaty. The provisions of paragraph 8 of
Article H of this Treaty shall be applied provisionally by the Parties from the
date of its signature. This Treaty shall remain in force so long as the START
remains in force. Each Party shall, in exerting its national sovereignty, have
the right to withdraw from this Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events
related to the subject matter of this Treaty have jeopardized its supreme
interests. It shall give notice of its decision to the other Party six months
prior to withdrawal from this Treaty. Such notice shall include a statement of
the extraordinary events the notifying Party regards as having jeopardized its
supreme interests.
Article VII
Each Party may propose amendments to this Treaty. Agreed amendments shall enter
into force in accordance with the procedures governing entry into force of this
Treaty.
Article VIII
This Treaty shall be registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the
United Nations. DONE at Moscow on January 3, 1993, in two copies, each in the
English and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic. FOR THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Remaining sections of the
document not on this web site: MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON WARHEAD
ATTRIBUTION AND HEAVY BOMBER DATA PROTOCOL ON PROCEDURES GOVERNING ELIMINATION
OF HEAVY ICBMS AND ON PROCEDURES GOVERNING CONVERSION OF SILO LAUNCHERS OF HEAVY
ICBMS PROTOCOL ON EXHIBITIONS AND INSPECTIONS OF HEAVY BOMBERS HYPERLINK ".
